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The '''"International Committee Against Mars Sample Return'''", or '''ICAMSR''', is an [[advocacy]] group of scientists who campaign against [[Mars sample return]]. The Committee was founded in the year 2000.<ref name=ICASMR>[http://www.icamsr.org/ ICAMSR - RAISING PUBLIC AWARENESS ABOUT PLANETARY PROTECTION SINCE 2000], retrieved 2013-7-16</ref> or ICAMSR, is a small group of scientists who work to raise awareness of planetary protection issues involved in a [[Mars sample return]]. They have been quoted in news stories about plans for Mars Sample Return.<ref name="cnn">Richard Stenger [http://editionarchives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/space/11/07/mars.sample/l Mars sample return plan carries microbial risk, group warns], CNN, November 7, 2000</ref> and books<ref name="Arnould2011">{{citeBarry book|author=JacquesE. Arnould|title=Icarus'DiGregorio Second Chance[http://www.spacedaily.com/news/oped-99m.html TheCan BasisMartian andMicrobes PerspectivesEndanger ofThe SpaceEarth?]</ref><ref>Jacques Ethics|url=httpsArnould [http://books.google.comco.uk/books?id=lLbfQfW4zzkC&pg=PA174|year&lpg=2011|publisherPA174&dq=Springer|isbn%22International+Committee+Against+Mars+Sample+Return%22&source=978bl&ots=M3Egf5HI07&sig=LifCu7kUprMts9qUhrNRAaCPW_c&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yr2dUZ-3-7091-0712-6|pageeBcidO_DygMAI&ved=174}}</ref>0CHUQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=%22International%20Committee%20Against%20Mars%20Sample%20Return%22&f=false discussingIcarus' thisSecond type of mission.Chance: The Committee'sBasis nameand reflectsPerspectives onlyof partiallySpace on theirEthics actual viewpoint;]<ref name="Arnould2011"/ref><ref>Barry theE. ICAMSRDiGregorio charter[http://www.culturechange.org/cms/content/view/380/65/ statesAnother their main goal is that samples should be certified safe ''in situ'' or in space first, before they are returnedThreat to Earth:<ref name="Arnould2011Mars Sample Return"]</ref>{{full|date=May 2013}}
 
On their main page they say:
{{bq|Having planetary/cometary samples certified as "biosphere safe" in space or in-situ before they are transferred to the Earth’s surface is our main goal and intention.<ref>[http://www.icamsr.org/charter.html ICAMSR - Charter]</ref>}}▼
 
{{Quote|Committee Against Mars Sample Return (ICAMSR) urges the scientific and environmental communities to consider avoiding the return of Martian samples directly to Earth as problems with electronic circuitry malfunctions are common as well as accidental impacts. The study of Martian soil and rocks for signs of life can be accomplished with in-situ life detection instruments on Mars, something NASA has not done since the twin Viking mission in 1976. The question must be asked: Do the benefits of studying Martian samples in laboratories on Earth outweigh the risk of contaminating our world? We only have one Earth.}}
The director of ICAMSR is Barry DiGregorio; he has written on the topic of return samples safety on various websites<ref>Barry E. DiGregorio [http://www.spacedaily.com/news/oped-99m.html Can Martian Microbes Endanger The Earth?], spacedaily.com</ref><ref>Barry E. DiGregorio [http://www.culturechange.org/cms/content/view/380/65/ Another Threat to Earth: "Mars Sample Return"], culturechange.org</ref> and magazines.<ref>Barry E. DiGregorio, [http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/ci/31/i08/html/08digregorio.html The dilemma of Mars sample return], ''[[Chemical Innovation]]'', August 2001,
Vol. 31, No. 8, pp 18–27.</ref> Notable ICAMSR advisors include [[Gilbert Levin]] who was responsible for one of the [[Viking spacecraft biological experiments]], and [[Chandra Wickramasinghe]].<ref>[http://www.icamsr.org/advisors.html ICAMSR Advisors], retrieved 2013-7-16</ref><ref name="cnn"/> DiGregorio, Levin, and Patricia Ann Straat have previously co-authored the book ''Mars: The Living Planet'',<ref name="DiGregorioLevin1997">{{cite book|author1=Barry E. DiGregorio|author2=Gilbert V. Levin|author3=Patricia Ann Straat|year=1997|publisher=Frog Books|isbn=978-1-883319-58-8|title=Mars: The Living Planet}}</ref> a 1997 re-examination of the Viking spacecraft biological experiments. The ICAMSR website devotes several pages to promoting Levin's controversial interpretation that the [[Viking spacecraft biological experiments#Labeled Release|Viking Labeled Release experiments]] demonstrated signs of life on Mars.<ref name=ICASMR /> This is currently a minority view amongst scientists.<ref name="cnn"/><ref name="PlaxcoGross2011_2">{{cite book|author1=Kevin W. Plaxco|author2=Michael Gross|title=Astrobiology: A Brief Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x83omgI5pGQC&pg=PA285|year=2011|publisher=[[JHU Press]]|isbn=978-1-4214-0194-2|pages=285–286}}</ref> In 2000, a CNN article said that: "In fact, DiGregorio, the author of ''Mars: The Living Planet,'' suggests epidemics that originate in space might have already taken place. Mass extinctions over the ages have been tied to giant meteorite or comet strikes. But such cataclysms could perhaps be more fully explained, he said, if science considers the possibility that extra-terrestrial viruses played a role, for example when the age of the dinosaurs ended 65 million years ago."<ref name="cnn"/> The same CNN article also said that "Many planetary scientists dismiss the risks as unwarranted or highly exaggerated, saying the surface of Mars is most likely lifeless, anyway."<ref name="cnn"/>
 
The director of ICAMSR is Barry DiGregorio, author of the book "Mars: The Living Planet",<ref>Barry DiGregorio [http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Mars.html?id=2zKEQgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y Mars: The Living Planet] North Atlantic Books, 29 Sep 1997 ISBN 1883319587</ref> a 1997 re-examination of the Viking biology results. Notable advisors include [[Gilbert Levin]] who was responsible for the [[Viking spacecraft biological experiments]], and [[Chandra Wickramasinghe]].<ref>[http://www.icamsr.org/advisors.html ICAMSR Advisors]</ref>
[[Carl Sagan]] was among the voices raising concerns about a Mars Sample Return in the 1970s; quotes from him feature prominently on the ICAMSR website. The main page of the ICAMSR website cites a passage from Sagan's ''[[The Cosmic Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective|The Cosmic Connection]]'' (1973, p.&nbsp;114), in which he wrote:<ref name=ICASMR/>
 
The original inspiration comes from [[Carl Sagan]]'s concerns about Mars Sample Return, as described in his book the Cosmic Connection, where he wrote (in 1973):<ref name=cosmicconnection>Carl Sagan,[http://www.e-reading.org.ua/bookreader.php/148581/Sagan_-_The_Cosmic_Connection___An_Extraterrestrial_Perspective.pdf''The Cosmic Connection - an Extraterrestrial Perspective''] (1973) ISBN 0521783038</ref>
{{bq|Precisely because Mars is an environment of great potential biological interest, it is possible that on Mars there are pathogens, organisms which, if transported to the terrestrial environment, might do enormous biological damage - a Martian plague, the twist in the plot of H. G. Wells' War of the Worlds, but in reverse. This is an extremely grave point. On the one hand, we can argue that Martian organisms cannot cause any serious problems to terrestrial organisms, because there has been no biological contact for 4.5 billion years between Martian and terrestrial organisms. On the other hand, we can argue equally well that terrestrial organisms have evolved no defenses against potential Martian pathogens, precisely because there has been no such contact for 4.5 billion years. The chance of such an infection may be very small, but the hazards, if it occurs, are certainly very high.}}
 
Carl Sagan's concerns are shared by other scientists who have looked at issues of a Mars sample return, including [[Joshua Lederberg]]<ref name=Lederberg>Joshua Lederberg [http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/BBGNMX.pdf Parasites Face a Perpetual Dilemma ] Volume 65, Number 2, 1999 / American Society for Microbiology News 77.</ref><ref name=paige>[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/robomars/pdf/6199.pdf Mars Exploration Strategies: Forget About Sample Return] D. A. Paige, Dept. of Earth and Space Sciences, UCLA,
Los Angeles, CA 90095</ref>
 
The NRC and ESF studies came to the conclusion that though the potential for large-scale negative effects appears to be very low, it is not demonstrably zero<ref name=NRC2009>
"Assessment of Planetary Protection Requirements for Mars Sample Return Missions", National Research Council, 2009, chapter 5, "The Potential for Large-Scale Effects".
 
"Thus, a key question posed to the committe is whether a putative martian organism or organisms, inadvertently released from containment, could produce large-scale negative pathogenic effects in humans or have a destructive impact on Earth's ecological system or environments." [http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12576&page=45 (page 45)]
 
They divide it into 3 categories
 
{{bq|
* Large-scale negative pathogenic effects in humans;
 
* Destructive impacts on Earth's ecological systems or environments; and
 
* Toxic and other effects attributable to microbes, their cellular structures, or extracellular products.
 
}}[http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12576&page=45 (page 45)]
 
They conclude that the last one is unlikely. But for the other two
 
{{bq|The committee found that the potential for large-scale negative effects on Earth's inhabitants or environment by a returned martian life form appears to be low, but is not demonstrably zero.}}[http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12576&page=48 (page 48)]
</ref> . These findings on risks of [[Environmental degradation|environmental disruption]] are accepted by most participants in this debate (with the notable exception of Robert Zubrin<ref name=zubrin>Robert Zubrin "Contamination From Mars: No Threat", [http://www.planetary.org/explore/the-planetary-report/ The Planetary Report] July/Aug. 2000, P.4–5</ref><ref name=zubrin-interview>[http://astronomy.nmsu.edu/cwc/Teaching/SpaceCol/sts497i/Zubrin/transcript.txt transcription of a tele-conference interview with ROBERT ZUBRIN] conducted on March 30, 2001 by the class members of STS497 I, "Space Colonization"; Instructor: Dr. Chris Churchill</ref>). As a result, it is agreed by most researchers that a full and open public debate of the back contamination issues is needed at an international level.<!--(NASA and ESF surveys both say this as well as other sources e.g.) --><ref name=esf2012_PP-debate>{{cite report |title=Mars Sample Return backward contamination - strategic advice |publisher= European Science Foundation |year=2012 |chapter=5: "The Potential for Large-Scale Effects"|url=http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2013/01/17/ESF_Mars_Sample_Return_backward_contamination_study.pdf|quote=''RECOMMENDATION 10:
Considering the global nature of the issue, consequences resulting from an unintended release
could be borne by a larger set of countries than
those involved in the programme. It is recommended that mechanisms dedicated to ethical
and social issues of the risks and benefits raised
by an MSR are set up at the international level
and are open to representatives of all countries.''}}</ref> This is also a legal requirement.<ref name=esf2010_RALOS>[http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2013/01/17/ESF_Mars_Sample_Return_backward_contamination_study.pdf Mars Sample Return backward contamination – Strategic advice and requirements] see 7.2: Responsibility and liability of States</ref><ref name=race>M. S. Race [http://salegos-scar.montana.edu/docs/Planetary%20Protection/AdvSpaceResVol18(1-2).pdf Planetary Protection, Legal Ambiguity, and the Decision Making Process for Mars Sample Return] Adv. Space Res. vol 18 no 1/2 pp (1/2)345-(1/2)350 1996</ref>
 
However, the view of NASA, and ESA, is that these risks can be contained and that a sample return can be carried out safely provided the correct precautions are taken. For details see [[Mars Sample Receiving Facility and sample containment]]
 
The ICAMSR are of the view that, given that equipment can fail and there can be accidents, such a sample return is hard to guarantee safe to the level that would be needed when the fate of the environment of Earth itself could be at stake. They recommend searching for life in situ first, and have as their main goal, that samples are certified safe in situ or in space first before they are returned to Earth.
 
▲{{bq|Having planetary/cometary samples certified as "biosphere safe" in space or in-situ before they are transferred to the Earth’s surface is our main goal and intention.<ref>[http://www.icamsr.org/charter.html ICAMSR - Charter]</ref>}}
 
==See also==
[[Planetary protection for a Mars sample return]]
*''[[Diseases from Space]]'' (book)
 
* [[Mars Sample Receiving Facility and sample containment]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
{{Mars spacecraft|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Extraterrestrial life|state=uncollapsed}}
{{En-WP-Attrib-date|560726583|2013|6}}▼
 
[[Category:Missions to Mars]]
[[Category:Sample return missions]]
[[Category:Panspermia]]
 
▲{{En-WP-Attrib}}
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