Protecting Mars special regions with potential for life to propagate: Difference between revisions

The definition of a special region has been revised several times. In the 2006 study it was implicit that a special region must be defined by warm enough temperatures combined with sufficient water activity. If the Mars surface is mapped using those requirements alone and requiring them to overlap, the map would be blank {{refn|(see page 941 of<ref name=MarsSpecialRegions2014/>)}}. The only place where habitats could occur for the 2006 report were deep below the surface, or perhaps places like the gully systems where water could be exposed to the surface dynamically from the subsurface.

 

 

{{quote|... where in some seasons the temperature required for microbial replication was regularly reached during the driest part of the day, whereas at night, when the temperature was too low for replication, the relative humidity at the site was above 0.6 and nearly always close to 1.0. The non-overlap of the required values for a Special Region is reflected in Finding 4-12, but the fact that both could be reached within the same 24 h period, regularly, suggests that there may be a way for organisms to connect the favorable aspects of those periods across a bridge of biotic adaptation.}}}}

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* The ability of multi-species microbial communities to alter dispersed small-scale habitats.

 

{{quote|where the cells are embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix consisting of polysaccharides and proteins, which includes other macromolecules such as lipids and DNA. These so-called extrapolymeric substances (EPS) provide protection against different environmental stressors (e.g., desiccation, radiation, harmful chemical agents, and predators). Biofilms are highly organized structures that enable microbial communication via signaling molecules, disperse cells and EPS, distribute nutrients and release metabolites, and facilitate horizontal gene transfer.

 

The majority of known microbial communities on Earth are able to produce EPS, and the protection provided by this matrix enlarges their physical and chemical limits for metabolic processes and replication. EPS also enhances their tolerance to simultaneously occurring multiple stressors and enables the occupation of otherwise uninhabitable ecological niches in the microscale and macroscale. The presence of EPS within a microbial community has implications for several aspects of the SR-SAG2 report, including the physical and chemical limits for life, the dimension of habitable niches versus the actual resolution capability of today’s instruments in Mars orbit, colonization of brines, and tolerance to multiple stressors. In extreme cold and salty habitats (e.g., brines of sea ice and cryopegs in permafrost), EPS has been found to be an excellent cryoprotectant}}

 

* microscale habitats that can't be detected from orbit.

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{{quote|SR-SAG2 Finding 5-3: Depths to buried ice deposits in the tropics and mid-latitudes are considered to be >5 m.}}}}

 

{{quote|Revised Finding 5-3: In general, depths to buried ice deposits in the tropics are considered to be >5 m. However, there is evidence that water ice is present at depths of <1 m on pole-facing slopes in the tropics and mid latitudes. Thus, a local detailed analysis for a particular area is necessary to determine if it could be a Special Region.}}

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The 2014 report<ref name=MarsSpecialRegions2014/> provided a map of regions of Mars where there may be ice below the surface as well as potential RSL's. The 2015 review however said that such maps are most useful if accompanied by cautionary remarks on their limitations, as they are subject to change with new discoveries and because of the potential for microhabitats<ref name=MarsSpecialRegionsReview2015/>.