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...Earth|early Earth]]. Scientists have proposed various external sources of energy that may have triggered these reactions, including [[lightning]] and [[radi # This atmosphere, exposed to [[energy]] in various forms, produced simple organic compounds ("[[monomer]]s"). ...

...ef name="geology" /><ref name="Showman1997" /> The ultimate source of this energy is Jupiter's rotation, which is tapped by Io through the tides it raises on ...">[https://archive.org/details/TheEffectsOfNuclearWeapons ''The Effects of Nuclear Weapons''], Revised ed., US DOD 1962, pp. 592–593</ref> ...

...le for the assembly of complex [[Organic compound|organic molecules]], and energy sources to sustain [[metabolism]]".<ref name=NASA1>{{cite web|url=http://as ...9/ast.2012.0961| pmid = 23855332| title = The Effect of Host Star Spectral Energy Distribution and Ice-Albedo Feedback on the Climate of Extrasolar Planets| ...

...n [[Earth]]'s position in the [[Solar System]] and the amount of [[radiant energy]] it receives from the [[Sun]]. Due to the importance of liquid water to Ea ...rth-042711-105500|bibcode = 2012AREPS..40..551E}}</ref> Sustained by other energy sources, such as [[tidal heating]]<ref name="Cowen2008">{{cite news |first= ...

...e chemical elements|fourth most abundant element]] in the universe and the energy required to make or break a bond is at just the appropriate level for build ...vealing that life need not be sun-dependent; it only requires water and an energy gradient in order to exist. ...

...rs, such as extreme stellar variation, [[electromagnetic spectrum|spectral energy distribution]]s shifted to the [[infrared]] relative to the Sun, and small ...M class. K class stars tend toward an orange color.</ref> Given their low energy output, red dwarfs are never visible by the unaided eye from Earth; neither ...

...alactic and cosmic radiation]], [[solar proton event]]s and [[Neutron#High-energy neutrons|secondary neutrons]]. As part of its exploration, it also measured ...ium(IV) oxide|plutonium-238 dioxide]] supplied by the [[U.S. Department of Energy]].<ref name="sfnow20111117" /> ...

...mers Amaya Moro-Martín and Renu Malhotra proposed that gravitational [[low-energy transfer]] of rocks among the young planets of stars in their [[birth clust ...rganisms must be close to the surface of a rock to obtain sufficient light energy, atmospheric transit might act as a filter against them by ablating the sur ...

...in contact with the moon's interior allowing ready access to hydrothermal energy and chemistry.<ref name="europajpl"/> Europa surface missions can take adva ...e.org|accessdate=9 September 2017}}</ref> Previously, NASA had evaluated a nuclear powered add-on Lander to the cancelled [[Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter]] missio ...

...P}}</ref> As the southern spring CO₂ ice receives enough solar energy, it starts [[Sublimation (chemistry)|sublimation]] of the CO₂ ic ...following sunrise, supports the notion that the system is powered by solar energy.<ref name=Morning>{{cite journal |title=Infrared and Visible Observations o ...

...ed for life are water availability, temperature, presence of nutrients, an energy source, and protection from Solar ultraviolet. For dormant life then protec |Energy for [[metabolism]]|| '''Solar''' (surface and near-surface only) <br /> '' ...

...=Amend |first2=Jan P. |last3=Shock |first3=Everett L. |title=A "Follow the Energy" Approach for Astrobiology |journal=Astrobiology |volume=7 |issue=6 |year=2 .....226K}}</ref><ref name="Schulze-Makuch2001">{{cite web |title=Alternative Energy Sources Could Support Life on Europa |url=http://www.geo.utep.edu/pub/dirks ...

...Detector for ExoMars Project]. [[Russian Space Research Institute]] (IKI), Nuclear Planetology Department. Accessed 26 July 2018.</ref><ref>[http://spacefligh | Energy range || Neutrons: 0.4–500 [[Electronvolt|keV]]<br/>Charged particles: 0.5– ...

...igh energy demand that would be met by a cable run from the lander's small nuclear reactor providing 5 [[Watt|kW]] of electrical power.<ref name="Konstantinid ...

...rfaces. Sagan and Khare note "The properties of tholins will depend on the energy source used and the initial abundances of precursors, but a general physica ...the structure and chemistry of Titan’s tholins via13C and 15N solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy"], ''Icarus, Volume 221,'' Issue 2, Novembe ...

...tromagnetic signals in all directions, that takes tremendous energy -- the energy of an entire star, represented by a Type II civilization," Vakoch told ''[[ ...ture (journal)|Nature]]'', adding "There's been no poverty, or war, or the nuclear mushroom cloud. We're trying to start a tough dialogue about how we describ ...

...ciety }}</ref><ref name="Schulze-Makuch2001">{{cite web |title=Alternative Energy Sources Could Support Life on Europa |url=http://www.geo.utep.edu/pub/dirks ...tanding the three main requirements for life: liquid water, chemistry, and energy.<ref name='ASC 2017'>[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7943832/ ...

...ear-certified-atlas-5-rocket-for-mars-2020-rover-launch/ |title=NASA books nuclear-certified Atlas 5 rocket for Mars 2020 rover launch |work=Spaceflight Now | ...vided to NASA by the [[United States Department of Energy|US Department of Energy]].<ref name=Power/> Unlike solar panels, the MMRTG provides engineers with ...

...overy Program]].<ref name="TSSM">{{cite web |last=Hsu |first=Jeremy |title=Nuclear-Powered Robot Ship Could Sail Seas of Titan |work=Space.com |publisher=Imag ...nasa.gov/rps/stirling-research-lab/ Sterling Research Laboratory / Thermal Energy Conversion]</ref> NASA has since cancelled the Lockheed contract that would ...

...instance the potential to create them through impact or sources of thermal energy foreign to Mars<ref name=MarsSpecialRegions2014/>. If a [[hard landing]] ri ...sterilization and details of how it would be implemented. Proceedings of Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space 2013. Albuquerque, NM, February 25–28, ...