User:Robertinventor/charts-test: Difference between revisions

From Astrobiology Wiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Browse history interactively
Content added Content deleted
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
(Replaced content with "{{Graph:Chart|width=600|height=100|xAxisTitle=X|yAxisTitle=Y |type=rect|x=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8|y=10,12,6,14,2,10,7,9}}")
Tag: Replaced
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Graph:Chart|width=600|height=100|xAxisTitle=X|yAxisTitle=Y
This is a question of great interest in [[astrobiology]]. Does [[Mars]] in its present state have any potential habitats for native microbes, lichens, or other living organisms<ref>[https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=present+day+Mars+habitability Google scholar search for: present day Mars habitability]</ref>, either on or near the surface, or deep underground?
|type=rect|x=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8|y=10,12,6,14,2,10,7,9}}

This article focuses on the potential habitats referred to in Objective B of NASA's first Mars Science Goal:<ref>Hamilton, V.E., Rafkin, S., Withers, P., Ruff, S., Yingst, R.A., Whitley, R., Center, J.S., Beaty, D.W., Diniega, S., Hays, L. and Zurek, R., [https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/reports/MEPAG%20Goals_Document_2015_v18_FINAL.pdf Mars Science Goals, Objectives, Investigations, and Priorities: 2015 Version].</ref>
:''Goal I: determine if Mars ever supported life''
:*''Objective A: determine if environments having high potential for prior habitability and preservation of biosignatures contain evidence of past life.''
:*'''''Objective B: determine if environments with high potential for current habitability and expression of biosignatures contain evidence of extant life.'''''
[[Life on Mars]] covers the more general topic of habitats for life through the entire history of Mars, with a brief summary for present day life.

A related question is, are there any regions of the Mars surface where Earth life could potentially survive? These are called "Special regions" in [[Planetary protection]] discussions and require special precautions to be taken for robotic missions<ref name="RummelBeaty2014">{{cite journal|last1=Rummel|first1=John D.|last2=Beaty|first2=David W.|last3=Jones|first3=Melissa A.|last4=Bakermans|first4=Corien|last5=Barlow|first5=Nadine G.|last6=Boston|first6=Penelope J.|last7=Chevrier|first7=Vincent F.|last8=Clark|first8=Benton C.|last9=de Vera|first9=Jean-Pierre P.|last10=Gough|first10=Raina V.|last11=Hallsworth|first11=John E.|last12=Head|first12=James W.|last13=Hipkin|first13=Victoria J.|last14=Kieft|first14=Thomas L.|last15=McEwen|first15=Alfred S.|last16=Mellon|first16=Michael T.|last17=Mikucki|first17=Jill A.|last18=Nicholson|first18=Wayne L.|last19=Omelon|first19=Christopher R.|last20=Peterson|first20=Ronald|last21=Roden|first21=Eric E.|last22=Sherwood Lollar|first22=Barbara|last23=Tanaka|first23=Kenneth L.|last24=Viola|first24=Donna|last25=Wray|first25=James J.|title=A New Analysis of Mars "Special Regions": Findings of the Second MEPAG Special Regions Science Analysis Group (SR-SAG2)|journal=Astrobiology|volume=14|issue=11|year=2014|pages=887–968|issn=1531-1074|doi=10.1089/ast.2014.1227|pmid=25401393|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Beaty/publication/268444482_A_new_analysis_of_Mars_Special_Regions_findings_of_the_second_MEPAG_Special_Regions_Science_Analysis_Group_SR-SAG2/links/547c9b0b0cf27ed9786229dd.pdf<!--&#124;page=902-->|bibcode=2014AsBio..14..887R}}</ref><ref>[https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=%22Special+region%22+Mars&btnG= Google scholar search for: "Special region Mars"]</ref>. It's possible that extant Martian life can survive in habitats that Earth life can't tolerate and vice versa.

From the [[Viking program|Viking landers]] in 1976 through to the Phoenix measurements in 2008, conditions on Mars seemed so inhospitable that many scientists believed that water ''"does not and cannot exist on the surface of Mars today" (to quote NASA Astrobiology magazine)''..<ref name="LevinMarsLifeIdea">[http://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/the-viking-files/ The Viking Files] Astrobiology Magazine (NASA) - May 29, 2003, astrobio.net (summary of scientific research)</ref> There are only five regions where the atmospheric pressure is high enough for liquid fresh water can form, Amazonis, Chryse and Elysium Planitia, in the Hellas Basin and the Argyre Basin. However, even in those places, it is close to its boiling point of 10&nbsp;°C and would soon evaporate<ref name="Hellas">{{cite web|title=Extracts from "Making a Splash on Mars"|url=http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Mars_Articles_20130617.pdf}}</ref>. Also there may be little by way of a source of ice to melt to form water as ice exposed to the atmosphere is not long term stable in the equatorial regions within around ± 30° of the equator<ref>Schorghofer, N. and Aharonson, O., 2005. [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2004JE002350 Stability and exchange of subsurface ice on Mars]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 110(E5)</ref>.

This view of the Martian surface as totally sterile and inhosptiable to present day life changed in 2008 with the [[Phoenix (spacecraft)| Phoenix lander]], the first and so far only spacecraft to land successfully in the martian polar regions, near the north pole. It observed droplet-like features that formed on its landing legs<ref name="phoenix_droplets_2009">[https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16620-first-liquid-water-may-have-been-spotted-on-mars.html?full=true#.VRReJ_msV8E First liquid water may have been spotted on Mars], New Scientist, February 2009 by David Shiga</ref>, and also detected the presence of geologically recent surface or near surface brines indirectly, through isotopic measurements of oxygen in the atmosphere that had been exchanged with surface water<ref name="phoenixisotope">[http://uanews.org/story/phoenix-mars-lander-finds-surprises-about-planet%E2%80%99s-watery-past Phoenix Mars Lander Finds Surprises About Planet’s Watery Past] University of Arizona news, By Daniel Stolte, University Communications, and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory | September 9, 2010</ref> <ref name="phoenix_droplets_2009" />. Perchlorates and other salts act as an antifreeze, and some mixes of salts can stay liquid on Mars at temperatures within the habitability range of life<ref name="GoughChevrier2014">{{cite journal|url=http://comp.uark.edu/~vchevrie/sub/papers/Gough%20-%202014%20-%20EPSL%20-%20perchlorate%20chloride%20mixture%20deliquescence.pdf|last1=Gough|first1=R.V.|last2=Chevrier|first2=V.F.|last3=Tolbert|first3=M.A.|title=Formation of aqueous solutions on Mars via deliquescence of chloride–perchlorate binary mixtures|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=393|year=2014|pages=73–82|issn=0012-821X|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2014.02.002|bibcode=2014E&PSL.393...73G}}</ref>. In December 2013, Nilton Renno<ref name="NiltonRennoFaculty">[http://clasp.engin.umich.edu/people/nrenno/FACULTY Nilton Renno - Faculty page], Mitchigen State University - Honors, Awards and Accomplishments, and Publications, etc</ref> and his team using the Michigan Mars Environmental Chamber were able to simulate the conditions at the Phoenix landing site and to simulate the Phoenix leg droplets<ref name="MicheganMars">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283504377_The_Michigan_Mars_Environmental_Chamber_Preliminary_Results_and_Capabilities</ref>. They formed salty brines within minutes when salt overlaid ice. The team concluded that suitable conditions for brine droplets may be widespread in the polar regions<ref name="salt_ice">[http://www.astrobio.net/news-brief/liquid-water-ice-salt-mars/ Liquid Water from Ice and Salt on Mars], Aaron L. Gronstal -Astrobiology Magazine (NASA), Jul 3, 2014</ref><ref name="salt_ice_paper">Fischer, E., Martínez, G.M., Elliott, H.M. and Rennó, N.O., 2014. [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2014GL060302 Experimental evidence for the formation of liquid saline water on Mars]. Geophysical research letters, 41(13), pp.4456-4462.</ref>. There are many other suggestions of potential habitats covered in this article.

If these droplet microhabitats exist, there are many additional challenges. The Mars soil (regolith) and dust contains between 0.5 and 1% of reactive perchlorates<ref name="DavilaPerchlorates">Davila, A.F., Willson, D., Coates, J.D. and McKay, C.P., 2013. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242525435_Perchlorate_on_Mars_A_chemical_hazard_and_a_resource_for_humans Perchlorate on Mars: a chemical hazard and a resource for humans]. International Journal of Astrobiology, 12(4), pp.321-325.</ref>. The UV radiation is rapidly lethal to microbes, unless shielded<ref name="RummelBeaty2014" />, and the ionizing radiation will sterilize any dormant life within 500,000 years on the surface of Mars<ref name="KminekBada2006">{{cite journal|last1=Kminek|first1=G|last2=Bada|first2=J|title=The effect of ionizing radiation on the preservation of amino acids on Mars|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=245|issue=1–2|year=2006|pages=1–5|issn=0012-821X|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.008|bibcode=2006E&PSL.245....1K}}</ref>.

However, these conditions may not make the surface completely uninhabitable to microbial life. NASA's Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group concluded based on the [[Curiosity (rover)| Curiosity rover]]'s RAD measurements that 500 years of ionizing radiation would kill only 90% of even the most radiation-sensitive bacterium such as E. coli<ref name="RummelBeaty2014SpecialRegionsConclusion">{{cite journal|last1=Rummel|first1=John D.|last2=Beaty|first2=David W.|last3=Jones|first3=Melissa A.|last4=Bakermans|first4=Corien|last5=Barlow|first5=Nadine G.|last6=Boston|first6=Penelope J.|last7=Chevrier|first7=Vincent F.|last8=Clark|first8=Benton C.|last9=de Vera|first9=Jean-Pierre P.|last10=Gough|first10=Raina V.|last11=Hallsworth|first11=John E.|last12=Head|first12=James W.|last13=Hipkin|first13=Victoria J.|last14=Kieft|first14=Thomas L.|last15=McEwen|first15=Alfred S.|last16=Mellon|first16=Michael T.|last17=Mikucki|first17=Jill A.|last18=Nicholson|first18=Wayne L.|last19=Omelon|first19=Christopher R.|last20=Peterson|first20=Ronald|last21=Roden|first21=Eric E.|last22=Sherwood Lollar|first22=Barbara|last23=Tanaka|first23=Kenneth L.|last24=Viola|first24=Donna|last25=Wray|first25=James J.|title=A New Analysis of Mars "Special Regions": Findings of the Second MEPAG Special Regions Science Analysis Group (SR-SAG2)|journal=Astrobiology|volume=14|issue=11|year=2014|pages=887–968|issn=1531-1074|doi=10.1089/ast.2014.1227|pmid=25401393|bibcode=2014AsBio..14..887R}}</ref>. The UV is easily blocked by about 0.3&nbsp;mm of surface soil<ref name="Mateo-Marti2014">{{cite journal|url=http://www.mdpi.com/2078-1547/5/2/213/htm|last1=Mateo-Marti|first1=Eva|title=Planetary Atmosphere and Surfaces Chamber (PASC): A Platform to Address Various Challenges in Astrobiology|journal=Challenges|volume=5|issue=2|year=2014|pages=213–223|issn=2078-1547|doi=10.3390/challe5020213|bibcode=2014Chall...5..213M}}</ref>,a millimeter of dust<ref name="RummelBeaty2014" />, or protective pigments such as [[melanin]], [[parietin]] and [[usnic acid]]<ref name="Ustvedt">{{cite journal | last1 = Gauslaa | first1 = Yngvar | last2 = Margrete Ustvedt | first2 = Elin | year = 2003 | title = Is parietin a UV-B or a blue-light screening pigment in the lichen Xanthoria parietina? | url = | journal = Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. | volume = 2 | issue = 4| pages = 424–432 | doi=10.1039/b212532c}}</ref>. The perchlorates, though harmful to some forms of life, are metabolized by others<ref name="Oren">{{cite journal | doi = 10.2166/wst.2009.635 | volume=60 | issue=1 | pages=75–80 | title=Molecular assessment of salt-tolerant, perchlorate- and nitrate-reducing microbial cultures | year=2009 | journal=Water Science & Technology | last1 = Zuo | first1 = G. | last2 = Roberts | first2 = D. J. | last3 = Lehman | first3 = S. G. | last4 = Jackson | first4 = G. W. | last5 = Fox | first5 = G. E. | last6 = Willson | first6 = R. C.|pmid=24150694}}</ref>. Cassie Conley, the NASA planetary protection officer from 2006 to 2018, said of the perchlorates, ''“The environment on Mars potentially is basically one giant dinner plate for Earth organisms,”''<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chang|first1=Kenneth|title=Mars Is Pretty Clean. Her Job at NASA Is to Keep It That Way.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/06/science/mars-catharine-conley-nasa-planetary-protection-officer.html|agency=New York Times|date=October 5, 2015}}</ref>.

There are brines in equatorial regions too. Curiosity detected evidence of a temporary brine layer beneath the dune surfaces as it drove over them, although this particular layer is thought to cycle every day between phases when it is too cold, at least, for Earth life, or else too salty<ref name="Rincon">{{cite web|last1=Rincon Science editor|first1=Paul|title=Evidence of liquid water found on Mars|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-32287609|website=BBC News website|date=April 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Martín-TorresZorzano2015">{{cite journal|last1=Martín-Torres|first1=F. Javier|last2=Zorzano|first2=María-Paz|last3=Valentín-Serrano|first3=Patricia|last4=Harri|first4=Ari-Matti|last5=Genzer|first5=Maria|last6=Kemppinen|first6=Osku|last7=Rivera-Valentin|first7=Edgard G.|last8=Jun|first8=Insoo|last9=Wray|first9=James|last10=Bo Madsen|first10=Morten|last11=Goetz|first11=Walter|last12=McEwen|first12=Alfred S.|last13=Hardgrove|first13=Craig|last14=Renno|first14=Nilton|last15=Chevrier|first15=Vincent F.|last16=Mischna|first16=Michael|last17=Navarro-González|first17=Rafael|last18=Martínez-Frías|first18=Jesús|last19=Conrad|first19=Pamela|last20=McConnochie|first20=Tim|last21=Cockell|first21=Charles|last22=Berger|first22=Gilles|last23=R. Vasavada|first23=Ashwin|last24=Sumner|first24=Dawn|last25=Vaniman|first25=David|title=Transient liquid water and water activity at Gale crater on Mars|journal=Nature Geoscience|year=2015|issn=1752-0894|doi=10.1038/ngeo2412|volume=8|issue=5|pages=357–361|bibcode=2015NatGe...8..357M}}</ref>. Nilton Renno has speculated that life could take advantage of it using a biofilm to create microhabitats. Then there are seasonal dark streaks, the Recurrent Slope Lineae, that form in spring, extend and broaden through summer and autumn, and then fade away. Some of these form along the walls of the Valles Marineres in equatorial regions, and there's a site on Mount Sharp as well, not far from Curiosity. There is some evidence that they may be associated with liquid brines below the surface, although dust cascades seem to be involved as well.

Other potential habitats for present day life include lakes formed in the higher latitudes after cometary or meteorite impacts,<ref name="impactlakes">[https://books.google.com/books?id=QMwt9iaYA9gC&pg=PA444#v=onepage&q&f=false Starting conditions for hydrothermal systems underneath Martian craters: Hydrocode modeling] Pierazzo, E., Artemieva, N.A., and Ivanov, B.A., 2005, from Large Meteorite Impacts III, Issue 384, p 444 edited by Thomas Kenkmann, Friedrich Hörz, Alexander Deutsch Geological Society of America, 1 Jan 2005 ([http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/largeimpacts2003/pdf/4102.pdf pdf], [http://www.psi.edu/about/staff/betty/marshydro.html earlier version with colour graphics])</ref> or as a result of geothermal heat or volcanic activity. These may remain liquid for centuries, or up to a few thousand years for the largest impacts, with the heat trapped by an insulating layer of ice. Also there are suggestions that Mars may have a deep hydrosphere,<ref name="hydrosphere">{{cite web|last1=NASA|title=NASA, Planetary Scientists Find Meteoritic Evidence of Mars Water Reservoir|url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1768|date=December 19, 2014}}</ref><ref name="perso.utinam.cnrs.fr">Lasue, Jeremie, et al. [http://perso.utinam.cnrs.fr/~mousis/papier92.pdf "Quantitative assessments of the martian hydrosphere."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112343/http://perso.utinam.cnrs.fr/~mousis/papier92.pdf |date=2017-03-22 }} Space Science Reviews 174.1-4 (2013): 155-212.</ref> a liquid layer below its cryosphere, a few kilometers below the surface. Deep rock habitats on Earth are inhabited by life so if this layer exists, it may also be habitable on Mars.<ref name="naturegroundwater">Michalski, Joseph R., et al. [http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v6/n2/abs/ngeo1706.html "Groundwater activity on Mars and implications for a deep biosphere."] Nature Geoscience 6.2 (2013): 133-138.</ref>. In July 2018, a lake was discovered by radar, 20 kilometers across, and 1.5 kilometers below the ice of the Southern polar plain of Mars [[Planum Australe]]. It is not yet known if this lake is habitable to Earth life.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cooper |first1=Keith |title=Liquid water discovered on Mars |website=NASA Astrobiology Magazine |date=Jul 25, 2018}}</ref>

There are, as yet, no confirmed habitats for Earth life on or beneath the surface of Mars. However there are several [[Possible Present Day Habitats For Life On Mars#Planned and proposed missions to search for present day life on Mars| planned and proposed spacecraft missions]] to search for these potential habitats There are many [[Possible Present Day Habitats For Life On Mars#Instruments designed to search for present day life on Mars "in situ"| instruments designed by astrobiologists to search directly for this life on Mars]]. The [[Urey instrument]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Development and evaluation of a microdevice for amino acid biomarker detection and analysis on Mars |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |first1=Alison M. |last1=Skelley |first2=James R. |last2=Scherer |first3=Andrew D. |last3=Aubrey |first4=William H. |last4=Grover |first5=Robin H. C. |last5=Ivester |first6=Pascale |last6=Ehrenfreund |first7=Frank J. |last7=Grunthaner |first8=Jeffrey L. |last8=Bada |first9=Richard A. |last9=Mathies |display-authors=5 |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=1041–1046 |date=January 2005 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0406798102 |pmc=545824 |pmid=15657130 |bibcode=2005PNAS..102.1041S}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Urey Instrument: An Advanced In Situ Organic and Oxidant Detector for Mars Exploration |journal=[[Astrobiology (journal)|Astrobiology]] |first1=Andrew D. |last1=Aubrey |first2=John H. |last2=Chalmers |first3=Jeffrey L. |last3=Bada |first4=Frank J. |last4=Grunthaner |first5=Xenia |last5=Amashukeli |first6=Peter |last6=Willis |first7=Alison M. |last7=Skelley |first8=Richard A. |last8=Mathies |last9=''et al.'' |first9=Richard C. |last10=Zent |first10=Aaron P. |last11=Ehrenfreund |first11=Pascale |last12=Amundson |first12=Ron |last13=Glavin |first13=Daniel P. |last14=Botta |first14=Oliver |last15=Barron |first15=Laurence |last16=Blaney |first16=Diana L. |last17=Clark |first17=Benton C. |last18=Coleman |first18=Max |last19=Hofmann |first19=Beda A. |last20=Josset |first20=Jean-Luc |last21=Rettberg |first21=Petra |last22=Ride |first22=Sally |last23=Robert |first23=François |last24=Sephton |first24=Mark A. |last25=Yen |first25=Albert |display-authors=5 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=583–595 |date=June 2008 |doi=10.1089/ast.2007.0169 |bibcode=2008AsBio...8..583K |pmid=18680409}}</ref> and Life Marker Chip<ref>{{cite conference |title=The life marker chip for the Exomars mission |conference=2011 ICO International Conference on Information Photonics. 18–20 May 2011. Ottawa, Ontario. |first1=A. |last1=Leinse |first2=H. |last2=Leeuwis |first3=A. |last3=Prak |first4=R. G. |last4=Heideman |first5=A. |last5=Borst |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1109/ICO-IP.2011.5953740 |isbn=978-1-61284-315-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=In situ biomarkers and the Life Marker Chip |journal=[[Astronomy & Geophysics]] |first=Zita |last=Martins |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=1.34–1.35 |year=2011 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-4004.2011.52134.x |bibcode=2011A&G....52a..34M}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Development status of the life marker chip instrument for ExoMars |journal=[[Planetary and Space Science]] |first1=Mark R. |last1=Sims |first2=David C. |last2=Cullen |first3=Catherine S. |last3=Rix |first4=Alan |last4=Buckley |first5=Mariliza |last5=Derveni |first6=Daniel |last6=Evans |first7=Luis Miguel |last7=García-Con |first8=Andrew |last8=Rhodes |last9=''et al.'' |first9=Carla C. |last10=Stefinovic |first10=Marijan |last11=Sephton |first11=Mark A. |last12=Court |first12=Richard W. |last13=Bulloch |first13=Christopher |last14=Kitchingman |first14=Ian |last15=Ali |first15=Zeshan |last16=Pullan |first16=Derek |last17=Holt |first17=John |last18=Blake |first18=Oliver |last19=Sykes |first19=Jonathan |last20=Samara-Ratna |first20=Piyal |last21=Canali |first21=Massimiliano |last22=Borst |first22=Guus |last23=Leeuwis |first23=Henk |last24=Prak |first24=Albert |last25=Norfini |first25=Aleandro |last26=Geraci |first26=Ennio |last27=Tavanti |first27=Marco |last28=Brucato |first28=John |last29=Holm |first29=Nils |display-authors=5 |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=129–137 |date=November 2012 |doi=10.1016/j.pss.2012.04.007 |bibcode=2012P&SS...72..129S}}</ref> separately got into the manifest for [[ExoMars]] but were later [[ExoMars#De-scoped instruments|de-scoped]]. The first and only dedicated astrobiology missions to Mars were the two [[Viking program|Viking landers]], ''[[Viking 1]]'' and ''[[Viking 2]]'' in 1976. Many of the potential habitats covered in this article were first proposed after 2008.

By the nature of the topic area of this article, it focuses on the few areas where life may be possible, even if it is just an occasional droplet forming when salt falls on ice, or an occasional seep of a few millimeters thickness of salty brines in narrow streaks on occasional hill slopes from spring through to autumn. Most features and processes on Mars are not thought to be associated with life.

Revision as of 16:08, 11 September 2018

<graph>{"legends":[],"scales":[{"type":"ordinal","name":"x","zero":false,"domain":{"data":"chart","field":"x"},"padding":0.2,"range":"width","nice":true},{"type":"linear","name":"y","domain":{"data":"chart","field":"y"},"zero":true,"range":"height","nice":true},{"domain":{"data":"chart","field":"series"},"type":"ordinal","name":"color","range":"category10"}],"version":2,"marks":[{"type":"rect","properties":{"hover":{"fill":{"value":"red"}},"update":{"fill":{"scale":"color","field":"series"}},"enter":{"y":{"scale":"y","field":"y"},"x":{"scale":"x","field":"x"},"y2":{"scale":"y","value":0},"width":{"scale":"x","offset":-1,"band":true},"fill":{"scale":"color","field":"series"}}},"from":{"data":"chart"}}],"height":100,"axes":[{"scale":"x","type":"x","title":"X","format":"d"},{"scale":"y","type":"y","title":"Y","format":"d"}],"data":[{"format":{"parse":{"y":"integer","x":"integer"},"type":"json"},"name":"chart","values":[{"y":10,"series":"y","x":1},{"y":12,"series":"y","x":2},{"y":6,"series":"y","x":3},{"y":14,"series":"y","x":4},{"y":2,"series":"y","x":5},{"y":10,"series":"y","x":6},{"y":7,"series":"y","x":7},{"y":9,"series":"y","x":8}]}],"width":600}</graph>

Retrieved from "https://encyclopediaofastrobiology.org/wiki/User:Robertinventor/charts-test?oldid=7849"
Cookies help us deliver our services. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies.
More information