Life on Venus

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The atmosphere of Venus as viewed in ultraviolet by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter in 1979.

The speculation of life currently existing on Venus decreased significantly since the early 1960s, when spacecraft began studying Venus and it became clear that the conditions on Venus are extreme compared to those on Earth.

Venus's location closer to the Sun than Earth and the extreme greenhouse effect raising temperatures on the surface to nearly 735 K (462 °C), and the atmospheric pressure 90 times that of Earth, make water-based life as we know it unlikely on the surface of the planet. However, a few scientists have speculated that thermoacidophilic extremophile microorganisms might exist in the lower-temperature, acidic upper layers of the Venusian atmosphere.[1][2][3]

Historical views[edit | hide | hide all]

Until the mid 20th century, the surface environment of Venus was believed to be similar to Earth, and hence it was widely believed that Venus could harbor life. In 1870, the British astronomer Richard Proctor said the existence of life on Venus was impossible near its equator,[4] but possible near its poles.

Since the 1960s, increasingly clear evidence from various space probes showed Venus has an extreme climate, with a greenhouse effect generating a constant temperature of about 500 °C on the surface. The atmosphere contains sulfuric acid clouds and the atmospheric pressure at the surface is 90 bar, almost 100 times that of Earth and similar to that of more than 1,000 m (3,300 ft) deep in Earth's oceans. In such environment, and given the increasingly hostile characteristics of the Venusian weather, the chances of life as we know it are excluded from the surface of Venus.

In September 1967, Carl Sagan and Harold Morowitz published an analysis of the issue of life on Venus to the journal Nature.[5]

Habitability of its atmosphere[edit | hide]

Although there is little possibility of existing life near the surface of Venus, the altitudes about 50 km above the surface have a mild temperature, and hence there are still some opinions in favor of such a possibility in the atmosphere of Venus.[6][7]

In the analysis of mission data from the Venera, Pioneer Venus and Magellan missions, it was discovered that carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide were present together in the upper atmosphere. Venera also detected large amounts of toxic chlorine just below the Venusian cloud cover.[8] Carbonyl sulfide is difficult to produce inorganically,[7] but it can be produced by volcanism.[9] Sulfuric acid is produced in the upper atmosphere by the Sun's photochemical action on carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and water vapour.[10]

Solar radiation constrains the atmospheric habitable zone to between 51 km (65 °C) and 62 km (−20 °C) altitude, within the acidic clouds.[3] It has been speculated that clouds in the atmosphere of Venus could contain chemicals that can initiate forms of biological activity.[11][12] It has been speculated that any hypothetical microorganisms inhabiting the atmosphere, if present, could employ ultraviolet light (UV) emitted by the Sun as an energy source, which could be an explanation for the dark lines observed in the UV photographs of Venus.[13][14]

Past habitability potential[edit | hide]

It is plausible that microbial life originated on Venus if liquid water existed on its surface prior to the heating of the planet by the runaway greenhouse effect, but no longer exists.[15] Assuming the process that delivered water to Earth was common to all the planets near the habitable zone, it has been estimated that liquid water could have existed on its surface for up to 600 million years during and shortly after the Late Heavy Bombardment, which could be enough time for simple life to form, but this figure can vary from as little as a few million years to as much as few billion.[16][17][18][19][20] This might also have given enough time for microbial life to evolve to be aerial.[21] There has been very little analysis of Venusian surface material, so it is possible that evidence of past life, if it ever existed, could be found with a probe capable of enduring Venus's current extreme surface conditions,[5][22] although the resurfacing of the planet in the past 500 million years[23] means that it is unlikely that ancient surface rocks remain, especially those containing the mineral tremolite which, theoretically, could have encased some biosignatures.[22]

See also[edit | hide]

References[edit | hide]

  1. Clark, Stuart (26 September 2003). "Acidic clouds of Venus could harbour life". New Scientist. Retrieved 30 December 2015. 
  2. Redfern, Martin (25 May 2004). "Venus clouds 'might harbour life'". BBC News. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Dartnell, Lewis R.; Nordheim, Tom Andre; Patel, Manish R.; Mason, Jonathon P.; et al. (September 2015). "Constraints on a potential aerial biosphere on Venus: I. Cosmic rays". Icarus. 257: 396–405. Bibcode:2015Icar..257..396D. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.05.006. Retrieved 20 August 2015. 
  4. Proctor, Richard A., Other Worlds Than Ours: The Plurality of Worlds Studied Under the Light of Recent Scientific Researches. New York : J.A. Hill and Co., 1870. s. 94.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Morowitz, Harold (2011). "Life on Venus". Astrobiology. 11 (9): 931. Bibcode:2011AsBio..11..931M. doi:10.1089/ast.2011.9270. PMID 22059693 – via Academic OneFile. 
  6. Venus as a Natural Laboratory for Search of Life in High Temperature Conditions: Events on the Planet on March 1, 1982, L. V. Ksanfomality, published in Astronomicheskii Vestnik, Vol. 46, No. 1, 2012 Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine..
  7. 7.0 7.1 Landis, Geoffrey A. (2003). "Astrobiology: the Case for Venus" (PDF). Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 56 (7/8): 250–254. Bibcode:2003JBIS...56..250L. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2011. 
  8. Venus Revealed: A New Look Below the Clouds of Our Mysterious Twin Planet, David Grinspoon, ISBN 978-0-201-32839-4
  9. Seinfeld, J. (2006). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. London: J. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-60119-595-1. 
  10. "Venus Express: Acid clouds and lightning". European Space Agency (ESA). Retrieved 2016-09-08. 
  11. David, Leonard (11 February 2003). "Life Zone on Venus Possible". Space.com. Archived from the original on 16 February 2003. Retrieved 30 December 2015. 
  12. Schulze-Makuch, Dirk; Grinspoon, David H.; Abbas, Ousama; Irwin, Louis N.; Bullock, Mark A. (March 2004). "A Sulfur-Based Survival Strategy for Putative Phototrophic Life in the Venusian Atmosphere". Astrobiology. 4 (1): 11–18. Bibcode:2004AsBio...4...11S. doi:10.1089/153110704773600203. PMID 15104900. 
  13. "Venus could be a haven for life". ABC News. 28 September 2002. Retrieved 30 December 2015. 
  14. Schulze-Makuch, Dirk; Irwin, Louis N. (5 July 2004). "Reassessing the Possibility of Life on Venus: Proposal for an Astrobiology Mission". Astrobiology. 2 (2): 197–202. Bibcode:2002AsBio...2..197S. doi:10.1089/15311070260192264. PMID 12469368. Retrieved 20 August 2015. 
  15. Bruce Dorminey, "Venus Likely Had Past Life; Next Step Is Finding It", Forbes, Mar 28, 2016.
  16. "Was Venus once a habitable planet?". European Space Agency. 24 June 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2016. 
  17. Nancy Atkinson (24 June 2010). "Was Venus once a waterworld?". Universe Today. Retrieved 22 May 2016. 
  18. Henry Bortman (26 August 2004). "Was Venus Alive? 'The Signs are Probably There'". Space.com. Retrieved 22 May 2016. 
  19. "NASA Climate Modeling Suggests Venus May Have Been Habitable". NASA.gov. NASA. August 11, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2016. 
  20. Michael J. Way (2 August 2016). "Was Venus the First Habitable World of our Solar System?'". Geophysical Research Letters. 43 (16): 8376. arXiv:1608.00706Freely accessible. Bibcode:2016GeoRL..43.8376W. doi:10.1002/2016GL069790. 
  21. "Did the Early Venus Harbor Life? (Weekend Feature)". The Daily Galaxy. 2 June 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2016. 
  22. 22.0 22.1 David Shiga (10 October 2007). "Did Venus's ancient oceans incubate life?". New Scientist. Retrieved 22 May 2016. 
  23. Strom, Robert G.; Schaber, Gerald G.; Dawson, Douglas D. (25 May 1994). "The global resurfacing of Venus". Journal of Geophysical Research. 99 (E5): 10899–10926. Bibcode:1994JGR....9910899S. doi:10.1029/94JE00388. 
This article uses material from Life on Venus on Wikipedia (view authors). License under CC BY-SA 3.0. Wikipedia logo
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